Toothache is a common dental issue that can stem from a variety of causes, ranging from mild to severe. One of the most frequent reasons is tooth decay, where cavities form due to the breakdown of enamel by bacteria. If left untreated, the decay can reach the inner pulp, leading to sharp, throbbing pain. Another common cause is gum disease (gingivitis or periodontitis), where inflammation and infection of the gums can cause discomfort and make teeth sensitive or loose. Dental abscesses, which are pus-filled infections at the root of a tooth or in the gums, also result in intense, persistent pain and often require urgent care.

Other causes of toothache include cracked or broken teeth, which can expose sensitive nerves, and worn-down enamel from grinding or acidic foods, leading to increased sensitivity. Impacted wisdom teeth, where there isn’t enough space for the tooth to emerge properly, can also cause pain. Additionally, sometimes sinus infections or jaw issues like temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) can mimic tooth pain. Understanding the underlying cause of a toothache is essential for effective treatment and long-term dental health.